{"id":12001,"date":"2017-03-07T13:48:50","date_gmt":"2017-03-07T06:48:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/qentinc.com\/?p=12001"},"modified":"2017-07-03T09:18:08","modified_gmt":"2017-07-03T02:18:08","slug":"lich-su-tu-lanh-hoc-nganh-dien-lanh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/qentinc.com\/en\/lich-su-tu-lanh-hoc-nganh-dien-lanh\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh-h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 co\u0301 t\u01b0\u0300 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nay, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edbi b\u1edfi n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u00ea\u0323n n\u0103ng du\u0300ng cho tu\u0309 la\u0323nh va\u0300 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 20% m\u01b0\u0301c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. H\u1ecdc cao \u0111\u1eb3ng ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u uy t\u00edn ?<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh ?<\/strong><\/h2>\n

La\u0300m la\u0323nh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 la\u0300m la\u0323nh b\u0103\u0300ng ca\u0301ch loa\u0323i bo\u0309 h\u01a1i no\u0301ng \u0111\u1ec3 ba\u0309o qua\u0309n th\u01b0\u0301c \u0103n va\u0300 ca\u0301c m\u0103\u0323t ha\u0300ng d\u00ea\u0303 h\u01b0 ho\u0309ng kha\u0301c, ho\u1eb7c ba\u0309o v\u00ea\u0323 kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ed1ng. B\u01a1\u0309i vi\u0300, vi khu\u00e2\u0309n se\u0303 pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n ch\u00e2\u0323m h\u01a1n \u01a1\u0309 nhi\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323 th\u00e2\u0301p.<\/p>\n

L\u00fd do h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh ?<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n

Khoa\u0309ng n\u0103m 1000 TCN, ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i Trung Qu\u00f4\u0301c \u0111a\u0303 bi\u00ea\u0301t c\u0103\u0301t va\u0300 l\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u0303 b\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111a\u0303 bi\u00ea\u0301t ca\u0301ch \u0111\u00ea\u0309 t\u00e2\u0323n du\u0323ng \u0111\u00eam la\u0323nh \u0111\u1ec3 la\u0300m n\u01b0\u01a1\u0301c \u0111a\u0301. Ca\u0301c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p, La M\u00e3 v\u00e0 Do Th\u00e1i, \u0111a\u0303 bi\u00ea\u0301t l\u01b0u tr\u01b0\u0303 tuy\u1ebft trong h\u1ea7m l\u00f2 v\u00e0 bao ph\u1ee7 ch\u00fang b\u0103\u0300ng ca\u0301c loa\u0323i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch nhi\u00ea\u0323t. Th\u00ea\u0301 ky\u0309 17, ta\u0323i nhi\u00ea\u0300u n\u01a1i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i ta \u0111a\u0303 ti\u0300m ra nitrat h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 du\u0300ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u0103ng. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u thu l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323m b\u0103ng v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, cho mu\u00f4\u0301i va\u0300o, bo\u0323c b\u0103ng trong va\u0309i flannel v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 c\u00e2\u0301t gi\u01b0\u0303 d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u0103ng se\u0303 kh\u00f4ng bi\u0323 tan cha\u0309y trong nhi\u00ea\u0300u tha\u0301ng li\u00ea\u0300n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u00ea\u0300u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u va\u0300o nh\u01b0\u0303ng n\u0103m 1720, b\u00e1c s\u0129 William Cullen, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland, nh\u00e2\u0323n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bay h\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng na\u0300y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1748.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00ea\u0301n n\u0103m 1805, Oliver Evans, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9, \u0111a\u0303 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t chi\u00ea\u0301c m\u00e1y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc thay v\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1820, nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Anh Michael Faraday \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng amoniac h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Jacob Perkins, ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi Evans, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u00ea\u0300 chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e9n h\u01a1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng amoniac ho\u0301a l\u1ecfng va\u0300o n\u0103m 1835. \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c cho la\u0300 “cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh”.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1842, John Gorrie, m\u00f4\u0323t ba\u0301c sy\u0303 ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i My\u0303, cu\u0303ng ch\u00ea\u0301 ta\u0323o m\u00f4\u0323t chi\u00ea\u0301c ma\u0301y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0\u0323 thi\u00ea\u0301t k\u00ea\u0301 cu\u0309a Evans. Gorrie \u0111a\u0303 du\u0300ng chi\u00ea\u0301c t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra b\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ec3 la\u0300m ma\u0301t cho ca\u0301c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n bi\u0323 s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng da \u1edf m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n Florida. N\u0103m 1851, Gorrie nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2\u0300u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a My\u0303 v\u00ea\u0300 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p la\u0300m ra b\u0103ng nh\u00e2n ta\u0323o.<\/p>\n

Ngoa\u0300i ra, nhi\u00ea\u0300u nha\u0300 sa\u0301ng ta\u0323o tr\u00ean th\u00ea\u0301 gi\u01a1\u0301i \u0111a\u0303 ti\u00ea\u0301p tu\u0323c pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n ra nh\u01b0\u0303ng ky\u0303 thu\u00e2\u0323t m\u01a1\u0301i ho\u0103\u0323c ca\u0309i thi\u00ea\u0323n nh\u01b0\u0303ng ky\u0303 thu\u00e2\u0323t s\u0103\u0303n co\u0301 \u0111\u00ea\u0309 la\u0300m la\u0323nh. Ch\u0103\u0309ng ha\u0323n nh\u01b0 Ferdinand Carr\u00e9, m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a ammonia v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1859; hay Albert T. Marshall, nha\u0300 pha\u0301t minh ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i My\u0303, \u0111a\u0303 sa\u0301ng ch\u00ea\u0301 ra tu\u0309 la\u0323nh c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e2\u0300u ti\u00ean va\u0300o n\u0103m 1899; n\u0103m 1930, nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Albert Einstein \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Tu\u0309 la\u0323nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng ma\u0323i b\u0103\u0301t \u0111\u00e2\u0300u ph\u00f4\u0309 bi\u00ea\u0301n va\u0300o cu\u00f4\u0301i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u01a1\u0300 s\u01b0\u0323 pha\u0301t tri\u00ea\u0309n cu\u0309a ca\u0301c nha\u0300 ma\u0301y bia. Chi\u00ea\u0301c t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia \u1edf Brooklyn, New York, va\u0300o n\u0103m 1870. B\u01b0\u1edbc sang th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y bia \u0111\u00ea\u0300u c\u00f3 t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i th\u1ecbt la\u0300 nga\u0300nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u00ea\u0323p ti\u00ea\u0301p theo ph\u00f4\u0309 bi\u00ea\u0301n v\u1edbi chi\u00ea\u0301c t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1ea1i Chicago v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900. G\u1ea7n 15 n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i th\u1ecbt \u0111\u00ea\u0300u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tu\u0309 la\u0323nh<\/strong><\/h2>\n

C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh nga\u0300y nay hoa\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng b\u0103\u0300ng ca\u0301ch bay h\u01a1i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y va\u0300o t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh qua c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i. Khi ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng bay h\u01a1i, chu\u0301ng mang theo h\u01a1i n\u00f3ng ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n d\u00e2y b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh, n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u0309a ra. C\u00e1c kh\u00ed n\u00e0y la\u0323i tr\u01a1\u0309 v\u00ea\u0300 m\u00f4\u0323t m\u00e1y n\u00e9n, \u01a1\u0309 \u0111\u00e2y, chu\u0301ng la\u0323i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 na\u0300y l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u00ea\u0323 cu\u0309a ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Nga\u0300y nay, tu\u0309 la\u0323nh co\u0301 2 c\u00f4ng ngh\u00ea\u0323 la\u0300m la\u0323nh. Th\u01b0\u0301 nh\u00e2\u0301t, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng tu\u0309 la\u0323nh d\u01b0\u0323a va\u0300o ca\u0301c ma\u0301y ne\u0301n l\u01a1\u0301n, pha\u0301t sinh ra nhi\u00ea\u0300u nhi\u00ea\u0323t va\u0300 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 khi\u00ea\u0301n c\u0103n pho\u0300ng \u0111\u00ea\u0309 tu\u0309 la\u0323nh d\u00ea\u0303 da\u0300ng no\u0301ng l\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4\u0323t c\u00f4ng ngh\u00ea\u0323 tu\u0309 la\u0323nh m\u01a1\u0301i la\u0300 s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng toa\u0300n b\u00f4\u0323 b\u00ea\u0300 m\u0103\u0323t tu\u0309 la\u0323nh, vi\u0300 th\u00ea\u0301 no\u0301 tha\u0309i ra h\u01a1i no\u0301ng c\u01b0\u0323c ky\u0300 ch\u00e2\u0323m, khi\u00ea\u0301n nhi\u00ea\u0323t \u0111\u00f4\u0323 c\u0103n pho\u0300ng h\u00e2\u0300u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u00f4\u0309i va\u0300 b\u00ea\u0300 m\u0103\u0323t tu\u0309 la\u0323nh cu\u0303ng r\u00e2\u0301t ma\u0301t khi cha\u0323m va\u0300o. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng tu\u0309 la\u0323nh na\u0300y co\u0300n co\u0301 l\u01a1\u0323i i\u0301ch la\u0300 kh\u00f4ng du\u0300ng ca\u0301c ch\u00e2\u0301t li\u00ea\u0323u co\u0301 ha\u0323i va\u0300 v\u00e2\u0323n ha\u0300nh kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra ti\u00ea\u0301ng \u00f4\u0300n, cu\u0303ng nh\u01b0 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u khi\u00ea\u0309n chi\u0301nh xa\u0301c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4\u0323t loa\u0323i tu\u0309 la\u0323nh m\u01a1\u0301i n\u01b0\u0303a la\u0300 s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng nam ch\u00e2m \u0111\u00ea\u0309 giu\u0301p v\u00e2\u0323n ha\u0300nh hoa\u0300n toa\u0300n im l\u0103\u0323ng, kh\u00f4ng rung va\u0300 th\u00e2n thi\u00ea\u0323n v\u01a1\u0301i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u01a1\u0300ng. Tu\u0309 la\u0323nh nam ch\u00e2m s\u01b0\u0309 du\u0323ng m\u00f4\u0323t kha\u0301i ni\u00ea\u0323m d\u01b0\u0323a tr\u00ean hi\u00ea\u0323u \u01b0\u0301ng t\u01b0\u0300 nhi\u00ea\u0323t, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c pha\u0301t hi\u00ea\u0323n ra va\u0300o n\u0103m 1917 b\u01a1\u0309i Pierre Weiss va\u0300 Auguste Piccard, hay nha\u0300 v\u00e2\u0323t ly\u0301 ho\u0323c ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i Pha\u0301p va\u0300 Thu\u0323y Sy\u0303, va\u0300 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c nghi\u00ean c\u01b0\u0301u th\u00eam b\u01a1\u0309i m\u00f4\u0323t nho\u0301m ca\u0301c nha\u0300 khoa ho\u0323c \u0111\u00ea\u0301n t\u01b0\u0300 Slovania va\u0300 \u0110an Ma\u0323ch va\u0300o n\u0103m 2015. T\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb t\u00ednh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u01b0\u01a1\u0323ng \u0111i\u00ea\u0323n i\u0301t h\u01a1n 35% so v\u01a1\u0301i tu\u0309 l\u1ea1nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng khi tham gia h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\"uu-dai-hoc-phi-2017\"<\/p>\n